Biography of Boris Yeltsin essays

Biography of Boris Yeltsin essays Boris Yeltsin was born in 1931 in Sverdlovsk. His father was Nikolai Yeltsin, who worked in construction and was later convicted of anti-Soviet agitation, and his mother was Klavdiya Yeltsina, who worked a seamstress. Boris graduated from Pushkin High School in Beoezniki, Molotor and then graduated from college at the Ural Polytechnic Institute in 1955, where he majored in construction. He was a successful student and even played volleyball for Sverdlovsk in the USSR first division. In 1956 he married Naina Girina, who he met at college, and they had two daughters named Yelena and Tatiana. In the 1960s, he held jobs in construction, and in 1963, he became the chief of a housing construction integrated plant. He joined the Communist Party in 1961, becoming first secretary of the Sverdlovsk region in 1976 and a member of the central committee in 1981. In 1985, Boris was appointed by Mikhail Gorbachev the chief of a party organization in Moscow, and in 1986, he was inducted into the partys ruling Politburo. In October 1997, however, he was ousted from his Moscow post after criticizing Gorbachev for his actions in Lithuania and for the slow pace of the economy. In 1991, Boris became president of the independent Russian republic and was one of the first popularly elected leaders in the countrys history. As president, he supported major economic reforms and moved to end state control of the economy and privatize most enterprises. In 1993, he dissolved parliament and won approval of his new constitution, which guaranteed private property, a free press, and human rights. In foreign affairs, Boris greatly improved relations with the West and signed the START II nuclear disarmament treatment with the United States. In May 1999, he amazingly survived an impeachment attempt brought about by Communist opposition. Yet on December 31, 1999, the long-ailing Yeltsin unpredictably announced h ...

70 Million Years of Primate Evolution

70 Million Years of Primate Evolution Many people take an understandably human-centered view of primate evolution, focusing on the bipedal, large-brained hominids that populated the jungles of Africa a few million years ago. But the fact is that primates as a whole - a category of megafauna mammals that includes not only humans and hominids, but monkeys, apes, lemurs, baboons, and tarsiers - have a deep evolutionary history that stretches as far back as the age of dinosaurs. (See a gallery of prehistoric primate pictures and profiles.) The first mammal that paleontologists have identified as possessing primate-like characteristics was Purgatorius, a tiny, mouse-sized creature of the late Cretaceous period (just before the K/T Impact Event that rendered the dinosaurs extinct). Although it looked more like a tree shrew than a monkey or ape, Purgatorius had a very primate-like set of teeth, and it (or a close relative) may have spawned the more familiar primates of the Cenozoic Era. (Genetic sequencing studies suggest that the earliest primate ancestor may have lived a whopping 20 million years before Purgatorius, but as yet theres no fossil evidence for this mysterious beast.) Scientists have touted the equally mouse-like Archicebus, which lived 10 million years after Purgatorius, as the first true primate, and the anatomic evidence in support of this hypothesis is even stronger. Whats confusing about this is that the Asian Archicebus seems to have lived around the same time as the North American and Eurasian Plesiadapis, a much bigger, two-foot-long, tree-dwelling, lemur-like primate with a rodent-like head. The teeth of Plesiadapis displayed the early adaptations necessary for an omnivorous diet - a key trait that allowed its descendants tens of millions of years down the line to diversify away from trees and toward the open grasslands. Primate Evolution During the Eocene Epoch During the Eocene epoch- from about 55 million to 35 million years ago- small, lemur-like primates haunted woodlands the world over, though the fossil evidence is frustratingly sparse. The most important of these creatures was Notharctus, which had a telling mix of simian traits: a flat face with forward-facing eyes, flexible hands that could grasp branches, a sinuous backbone, and (perhaps most important) a bigger brain, proportionate to its size, than can be seen in any previous vertebrate. Interestingly, Notharctus was the last primate ever to be indigenous to North America; it probably descended from ancestors that crossed the land bridge from Asia at the end of the Paleocene. Similar to Notharctus was the western European Darwinius, the subject of a big public relations blitz a few years back touting it as the earliest human ancestor; not many experts are convinced. Another important Eocene primate was the Asian Eosimias (dawn monkey), which was considerably smaller than both Notharctus and Darwinius, only a few inches from head to tail and weighing one or two ounces, max. The nocturnal, tree-dwelling Eosimias - which was about the size of your average Mesozoic mammal - has been posited by some experts as proof that monkeys originated in Asia rather than Africa, though this is far from a widely accepted conclusion. The Eocene also witnessed the North American Smilodectes and the amusingly named Necrolemur from western Europe, early, pint-sized monkey ancestors that were distantly related to modern lemurs and tarsiers. A Brief Digression - The Lemurs of Madagascar Speaking of lemurs, no account of primate evolution would be complete without a description of the rich variety of prehistoric lemurs that once inhabited the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar, off the east African coast. The fourth-largest island in the world, after Greenland, New Guinea, and Borneo, Madagascar split off from the African mainland about 160 million years ago, during the late Jurassic period, and then from the Indian subcontinent anywhere from 100 to 80 million years ago, during the middle to late Cretaceous period. What this means, of course, is that its virtually impossible for any Mesozoic primates to have evolved on Madagascar before these big splits- so where did all those lemurs come from? The answer, as far as paleontologists can tell, is that some lucky Paleocene or Eocene primates managed to float to Madagascar from the African coast on tangled thatches of driftwood, a 200-mile journey that could conceivably have been accomplished in a matter of days. Crucially, the only primates to successfully make this trip happened to be lemurs and not other types of monkeys - and once ensconced on their enormous island, these tiny progenitors were free to evolve into a wide variety of ecological niches over the ensuing tens of millions of years (even today, the only place on earth you can find lemurs is Madagascar; these primates perished millions of years ago in North America, Eurasia, and even Africa). Given their relative isolation, and the lack of effective predators, the prehistoric lemurs of Madagascar were free to evolve in some weird directions. The Pleistocene epoch witnessed plus-sized lemurs like Archaeoindris, which was about the size of a modern gorilla, and the smaller Megaladapis, which only weighed 100 pounds or so. Entirely different (but of course closely related) were the so-called sloth lemurs, primates like Babakotia and Palaeopropithecus that looked and behaved like sloths, lazily climbing trees and sleeping upside-down from branches. Sadly, most of these slow, trusting, dim-witted lemurs were doomed to extinction when the first human settlers arrived on Madagascar about 2,000 years ago. Old World Monkeys, New World Monkeys and the First Apes Often used interchangeably with primate and monkey, the word simian derives from Simiiformes, the infraorder of mammals that includes both old world (i.e., African and Eurasian) monkeys and apes and new world (i.e., central and South American) monkeys; the small primates and lemurs described on page 1 of this article are usually referred to as prosimians. If all this sounds confusing, the important thing to remember is that new world monkeys split off from the main branch of simian evolution about 40 million years ago, during the Eocene epoch, while the split between old world monkeys and apes occurred about 25 million years later. The fossil evidence for new world monkeys is surprisingly slim; to date, the earliest genus yet identified is Branisella, which lived in South America between 30 and 25 million years ago. Typically for a new world monkey, Branisella was relatively small, with a flat nose and a prehensile tail (oddly enough, old world monkeys never managed to evolve these grasping, flexible appendages). How did Branisella and its fellow new world monkeys make it all the way from Africa to South America? Well, the stretch of Atlantic Ocean separating these two continents was about one-third shorter 40 million years ago than it is today, so its conceivable that some small old world monkeys made the trip accidentally, on floating thatches of driftwood. Fairly or unfairly, old world monkeys are often considered significant only insofar as they eventually spawned apes, and then hominids, and then humans. A good candidate for an intermediate form between old-world monkeys and old-world apes was Mesopithecus, a macaque-like primate that, like apes, foraged for leaves and fruits during the day. Another possible transitional form was Oreopithecus (called the cookie monster by paleontologists), an island-dwelling European primate that possessed a strange mix of monkey-like and ape-like characteristics but (according to most classification schemes) stopped short of being a true hominid. The Evolution of Apes and Hominids During the Miocene Epoch Heres where the story gets a bit confusing. During the Miocene epoch, from 23 to 5 million years ago, a bewildering assortment of apes and hominids inhabited the jungles of Africa and Eurasia (apes are distinguished from monkeys mostly by their lack of tails and stronger arms and shoulders, and hominids are distinguished from apes mostly by their upright postures and bigger brains). The most important non-hominid African ape was Pliopithecus, which may have been ancestral to modern gibbons; an even earlier primate, Propliopithecus, seems to have been ancestral to Pliopithecus. As their non-hominid status implies, Pliopithecus and related apes (such as Proconsul) werent directly ancestral to humans; for example, none of these primates walked on two feet. Ape (but not hominid) evolution really hit its stride during the later Miocene, with the tree-dwelling Dryopithecus, the enormous Gigantopithecus (which was about twice the size of a modern gorilla), and the nimble Sivapithecus, which is now considered to be the same genus as Ramapithecus (it turns out that smaller Ramapithecus fossils were probably Sivapithecus females!) Sivapithecus is especially important because this was one of the first apes to venture down from the trees and out onto the African grasslands, a crucial evolutionary transition that may have been spurred by climate change. Paleontologists disagree about the details, but the first true hominid appears to have been Ardipithecus, which walked (if only clumsily and occasionally) on two feet but only had a chimp-sized brain; even more tantalizingly, there doesnt seem to have been much sexual differentiation between Ardipithecus males and females, which makes this genus unnervingly similar to humans. A few million years after Ardipithecus came the first indisputable hominids: Australopithecus (represented by the famous fossil Lucy), which was only about four or five feet tall but walked on two legs and had an unusually large brain, and Paranthropus, which was once considered to be a species of Australopithecus but has since earned its own genus thanks to its unusually large, muscular head and correspondingly larger brain. Both Australopithecus and Paranthropus lived in Africa until the start of the Pleistocene epoch; paleontologists believe that a population of Australopithecus was the immediate progenitor of genus Homo, the line that eventually evolved (by the end of the Pleistocene) into our own species, Homo sapiens.

Diversity Management in Hospitality Management Case Study

Diversity Management in Hospitality Management - Case Study Example Hilton has always taken care of this issue which plays an important role in the functioning of the whole company. Matters like productivity, quality, co ordination and unity need to be given high preference in big firms because the workforce is multinational, includes people of different religions and castes. Even gender discrimination must be eradicated to achieve optimum performance of the company. At Hilton, the steps taken to manage their diverse workforce are commendable. Keeping in mind the sentiments, practices and beliefs of their people, all their policies and plans are accepted by its employees. In all sectors of the group be it promotion of brands, relationship with other organizations, all are under the principles made by the company. Though, in some regions of the world, managing diversity is tough, still Hilton has worked hard to maintain its policies. In the following scripts we will be discussing how Hilton manages diversity management. As suggested by Hofstede, culture is more often a source of divergence than of synergy, and cultural disparities can be both nuisance and disaster simultaneously (Hofstede, 2001). Hilton has a massive workforce that includes minorities and women. The need of diversity management comes when discrimination occurs. Companies in order to maintain standards or to optimise their fund utilization and profits do not care to manage the problems which in turn would help them yield more profits. Many issues related to caste, religion, and sex hinders the growth of an organisation. People of different religions have grudges against each others. People of middle class category don't want to work with poor employees. Women are regarded useful only until they are single. Once they get married social and family matters surround them, like pregnancy, kids and further social life. Hilton has to overcome all these problems. Hospitality sector of the UK does face many such problems. Even though major officials of the sector have tried their level best to manage diversity, no significant results have come out. Plans and strategies were to be framed and implemented in order to provide job equality and opportunities, but the attempts have failed and a mere number of organisations have taken this issue seriously. The surveys that were carried out gave unsatisfactory results. Few companies were not bothered, few said that we would look upon it in the future, and only a few agreed to take reformative steps. The problem is that large hotel groups do not understand how harmful this discrimination is to their sector. People due to their cultural or background tags are not given the opportunities they deserve. This way, the persons' name and his monetary condition is given worth, not his skill. Their

Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conflict - Essay Example Some used avoidance while others used competition in conflict resolution. Still others use an accommodation, compromising or collaborating conflict resolution styles. The latter was sociologically effective in eliciting a win-win resolution to situation. A non-assertive collaborator is a silent onlooker of the conflict situation and whose decision can be swayed and be taken advantaged with such helplessness. The person could be influenced to various demands and requests thoughtlessly. Roger (2008) pointed that non-assertive collaborator allow other people to decide for his fate, direction and outcome of living. Roger (2008) explicated that such personality can be depicted as emotionally dishonest, ambivalent, thrives in denial and hindered by inhibitions. In conflict situation, non-assertive collaborator could be easily offended, nervous, and sometimes confused with one’s decision. He could be critical too to the point of ambivalence. Non-assertive person’s gestures are illustrated with shyness or inability to establish eye contacts whenever communicating or there is obvious hesitancy to commit and assume responsibilities or obligations (Roger, 2008). The person is uncertain of his participation in this collaboration, although there is certain level of emotional satisfaction in his involvement in conflict situation management. Depending on the depth of the knowledge and skills of the collaborator, the non-assertive character could susceptibly be understood as a person who weighs issues without aggression and attempts to deal with situation in a calmer and patient management. However, as conflict management requires intellectual impartiality in dealing with conflict situation, decisions require that all accounts of the situations and issues are weighed well to achieve a certain level of justness in the decision-makings (Armstrong, 2004). While hoping to achieve better solution to

The Dog Days Essay Example for Free

The Dog Days Essay Jasper Jones is an Australian novel written by Craig Silvey, from the opening line Craig Silvey puts the reader right in the action. Jasper Jones is written in the first person from Charlie Bucktin’s point of view, he is a teenage boy living in a country town called Corrigan. The novel starts when Jasper Jones pays Charlie an unexpected visit in the middle of the night. And the novel tells the story of how Charlie’s life changes from that moment on. Charlie’s recollection of events is shared honestly, making the story both tangible and humorous. The font cover of Jasper Jones The novel was short listed for the Miles Franklin award in 2010. Jasper Jones is a page turner a ‘whodunit’. Craig Silvey has created a tightly crafted novel and Jasper’s arrival foreshadows the beginning of the hero’s journey for Charlie. From the opening page Charlie and the reader want to know why, Jasper has come to his room in the middle of the night? The action of the story starts immediately. Charlie is a teenager who has never snuck away from home, the fact that Jasper has sort him out is both thrilling and ominous. Jasper asks Charlie if he is ready! â€Å"What? Ready for what? † Jasper doesn’t give any details, â€Å"I tole you. I need your help, Come on. † Craig Silvey via his characters, raises engaging story questions to keep the reader involved. Charlie is conflicted, he tells us he is excited yet afraid, this inner conflict also adds to the drama of the first chapter, as we also get a sense of who these characters are. The scene is set in the first chapter, Charlie is following Jasper through the town, and like Charlie the reader has no idea where they are headed. Charlie describes where they are, and as he thinks the reader is introduced to the key characters in the town. Every detail raised in the opening chapter is paid off either in the first chapter or by the end of the novel. We learn about Charlie’s dreams and about the social currency of the small-minded Australian town, called Corrigan. Charlie’s thoughts give us important back story. For example they stop out the front of Mad Jack Lionel’s place, which Charlie hopes is not their destination. The reader learns about the local urban myth surrounding Mad Jack Lionel. And how to raise your social status in town- by stealing peaches from Mad Jack’s tree. This back story helps set up the story themes; of truth, courage and coming of age. Jasper Jones, explores dynamic relationships of love, friendship, loyalty and abuse. The characters are strong with a terrific commaraderie between Jeffery and Charlie. It is well worth a look, it’s not just for young adults but for adults who love reading a book that you can’t put down.

Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Teaching Education Philosophy

Educational Goals and Philosophy Deciding on a career is a very difficult decision for anyone to make, especially for someone just coming out of high school. I always knew that I wanted to work with children, but I didn’t know what field I wanted to be in. After thinking about what field I could be in that I could work with children the most, I decided to become a teacher. I have always had a great deal of respect for most of the teachers I’ve had and hopefully I will be able to gain that respect from my students. I believe that if you are going to teach, you have to have some degree of love for children. Once any teacher has lost that, I think it is time for them to stop teaching. The two most important things that have inspired me to become a teacher are being able to work with young children all the time and the personal rewards that come with teaching. My biggest goal as a teacher is to make a child want to learn. I believe children in general do want to learn and it is our job as teachers to give them a chance to do that. I think in order for a child to want to learn, we have to make learning fun and interesting. I believe that by relating the students every day lives to the material they are learning will help accomplish this. Knowing that I have taught a child something, have made a child want to learn or have made a difference in a child’s life would be the most rewarding feeling in the world. As a teacher one of the main strategies that I want to incorporate into my classroom is cooperative learning. Cooperative learning gives the students a chance to get to know each other better, to work together on things, and to depend on one another to get things done. Another reason I prefer this type of learning is that instead of one individual person failing or succeeding, it is the group as a whole (sink or swim together).

Fordism: Spawning New Management Styles

Introduction. In this essay the focus is on Henry Ford and Fordism. The first paragraph of the essay is an introduction of Fredrick W Taylor, and how Fordism is derived from the ideas of Taylorism. It also looks at the main ideas behind Fordism and scientific management. Further in the essay the importance is to look at the different ideas of Fordism (the mass-production, the $5 day, the division of labour and management style), and on why it was important at is time and the effect following from those ideas.The essay has two different paragraphs discussing the positive and the negative effects of Fordism on management and organisations, and workers and society. In the end of the essay there is some paragraphs about the new forms of management developed after Fordism, and the management styles discussed in this paragraphs are about Neo-Fordism and Post-Fordism. In the early 20th century the ideas of scientific management was created by Frederick W. Taylor, and these new ideas of mana gement style had a big impact on the economy at that time, and for many decades following.In this new form of management, the word efficiency became a central part of the manufacturing process. Some of the strongest characteristics of Taylorism are the division of labour, the structure of control over task performance and the implicit minimum interaction employment relationship. (Craig R Littler 1978) The new role of management was now to scientifically analyse the task that was performed in the manufacture, and then to design the jobs to eliminate all unnecessary time and motion waste.Fordism is derived from Taylorism, and in which Fordism added some new ideas to scientific management, like the assembly line. (RMIT University2012)Fordism is a term that is used to describe mass-production using an assembly line technology to make it possible for a better division of labour and time, with motion management techniques. (RMIT University 2012). It has derived from Henry Ford (1863-1947) a car manufacturer which was perceived as the inventor of mass-production, by installing specialized machines, the flow line of assembly work and using the ideas of Taylorism (Frederick W.Taylor) in his car-manufacture, which led to Henry Ford producing millions of identical cars at a lower production cost which made the cars more affordable. (Ray Batchelor 1994 ; Palgrave Macmillan 2012) The ideas of Taylorism that Henry Ford took into his car manufacturing were the ideas of maximising job fragmentation, minimizing of skill requirements, a minimization of handling component parts and material, separate indirect and direct labour and separate planning and doing. RMIT University2012) Fordism was important in its time, and some of the new ideas of Fordism played an significant role in change in the production, economy, and the relationship between the managers and workers. One of the main ideas of Fordism was mass-production, which made it possible to produce products at a lower cost , through spreading the fixed costs out on a large amount of outputs, and the cars could therefore be sold cheaper. Fred Thomsen 2007) Ford managed to produce practical cars which was within the reach of the average American person. (Robert J Antonio, Alessandro Bonanno 2000) One of Henry Fords main contributing to mass production was the standardization, and this had to be done at perfection, so he had to exploit in machinery tools which made is possible to use the assembly line, so every workers only had to perform one simple task. Fred Thompson 2007) At Ford’s manufacturing’s they made almost all they needed from the raw material, because he had a lot of knowledge about mass production techniques, and could therefore keep the business economic sustainable by doing all of the parts of the production in he’s own manufacture with his own workforce( even though it required more workers, which needed a lot of management to keep control over), but he also verticall y integrated because Ford had a scepticism about accounting and finance, but if he did it himself he would have more control, and could easier direct the flow of raw material. Fred Thompson 2007) But whit the mass production, it was also a small differentiation in the products, in Ford’s case the cars, and one example for that was Henry Ford once saying â€Å" you can have the car in what ever colour you like, as long as its black†. Fordism led the transformation from an agriculture to an economy growing because of mass production and mass consumption. Fred Thompson 2007)The mass production and mass consumption led to an economic growth and widespread material advancement (Fred Thomsen 2007; Robert Boyer 2010) One of the main principle of Fordism was the $5 day, which was double the normal pay and working less hours for those who were qualified, so the workers would stay loyal and work efficient, but also so his own workers would be able to afford the car he was produc ing, and the demand for Ford cars would increase.But for the workers to be qualified they had to have a satisfactory life-stile, like absence from alcohol (RMIT University 2012) But the $5 day was criticised, from example the socialist daily news people, saying is was a scheme to make it difficult for the competitors, but in the general public the $5 days was perceived as a risky move, but also bold, democratic and magnanimous. (Ray Batchelor 1994) It have also been said that Fordism and it higher wages led to productivity growth, economic growth but also an inflation growth. Mark Goodwin, Joe Painter1996) The higher wages was also created so the efficient and good workers still wanted to work in the Ford manufacturing with the new type of management. In Fordism it was a managerial hierarchy (top-bottom), technical controls and strict time-limits, and every task was separated into their simplest constituent elements, making the work routinized. (Robert J Antonio, Alessandro Bonanno, 2000; RMIT University 2012) But the work task of speeding it all up and making every work task easy led to a deskilling of the workers, and have been criticised on humanistic grounds. RMIT Universit 2012; F. Xu, T. Rickards 2007) With the deskilling of the workers the managers perceived the workers as stupid, and therefore all the decision making was taken away from them, and they were treated like replaceable parts of the machinery. (F. Xu, T. Rickards 2007) Fords business got the affect of the cooperation costs, because with the deskilling of workers, and wanting to have control over the quantity and quality over the workers performance, they needed to hire management to conduct those jobs, which were extra expenses. RMIT University 2012) And with the workers constantly being controlled and supervised, the relationship between the managers and the workers became tense and the workers lost commitment to Fords manufacture, because they were frustrated and dissatisfy, but this led t o management having to control the workers even more. (RMIT University 2012) It is important to highlight that there were positive affects from Fordism on the society and worker, and on management and organisation. For rganisations Henry Ford showed that products could be produced a lot more efficient by using machinery and technology, which led to a lower fixed production cost and firms could therefore make a bigger profit and get a bigger market share (Fred Thompson 2007) Ford kept continuous to improve the production on the car manufacturing process, as with for example the car T-model, where he had studied the shortest task cycle of the T-model assembly line, which reduced human effort that led to increased productivity level while reducing the production costs. Greg Grandin 2009) Henry Ford needed a lot of management staff in his business to achieve control over the workers and because he was running the business vertically integrated he needed more managing staff, which meant a higher form of bureaucratization, which set the steps for modern corporations, and in some cases even for local government. (Mark Goodwin and Joe Painter 1996) In the view of the society and workers Fordism gave them some positive contributions.As mentioned Henry Ford doubled the pay, the $5 day, and he reduced the working day down to eight hours, and he reduced the working week down to five days for the workers that was qualified and lived by a good lifestyle. (RMIT University 2012) This started a cycle of high real income which led to the mass consumption , and increased the demand for goods, as well as the car Henry Ford him self were producing. (RMIT University 2012) Also with letting his workers work less hours per week, they had extra time on hand which led to the start of a new industry which were focused on leisure.Fordism also had negative effects on management and organisation, and workers and society. After Fordism had lasted for a while in The USA, were Fordism origina ted from, the production growth and economic growth started to decline in the 1960s for various factors, but one of the main reasons were that the durable consumer goods and process technologies had entered the maturity phase of the life-cycle and they were not able to find any new mass markets which led to stagnation in growth and decline in jobs. (annemieke J.M. Roobeek 1987) Since one of the main concepts of Fordism was mass-production, it led to a major crisis because of the constrains of productivity slow down. (Robert Boyer 2010) As for the workers under Fordism they had to perform heavy workloads on rotation of relatively unskilled, repetitive tasks and with a assembly line that was speeded up as fast as it could contributed to a highly stressful work environment. (S. Edgell 2006) The new work tasks for the workers also led to a deskilling of the workers. RMIT University 2012) The deskilling of workers was highly criticized, even by Frederick W Taylor, saying that Fords assem bly line workers assembled gorillas. (Fred Thompson 2007) Fordism had some positive and negative aspects on management, but after Fordism hit the crisis of production slowdown in the 1960s it was clear that some changes had to be done, and the Hawthorn experiment that were conducted in the 1920s showed cleared in the experiment that one of the main issues were tha workers also had physiological and social needs in the work place, which should be included in a new form of management style. RMIT University 2012; Robert Boyer 2010) The first alternative developed was Neo-Fordism, which were later followed by Post-Fordism. (RMIT University 2012) Neo-Fordism was build up on modifications on Fordism, rather than abandon all the original ideas of Fordism. Some of the areas of Fordism that was modified were on the simplification and fragmentation of work, the control over the workers time limits working via the assembly line, and there were no longer a standardization of products and parts via single purpose machines. S. Edgell 2006) In Neo-Fordism the working practice were flexible to fit the contemporary operations work . (RMIT University 2012) One of the first car manufacturers that modified the ideas of Fordism into Neo-Fordism was the Swedish car company Volvo, which included a greater job rotation for the workers, with extended work tasks, as responsibility for the quality, which gave the workers job enlargement and they got to cooperate together as a work team. S. Edgell 2006) In the Volvo car manufacture the process of destandardization of the products and parts was achieved because of their flexible carrier system, which made it possible for the work rotation, team work, but the work stations were still divided into different station as in Fordism and Taylorism and they still used the time limits.Volvos attempt to re-organise their production was successful at many areas, the workers working conditions got better which led to a better job satisfaction among t hem, and the quality of work increased and they still managed to have the same times on their assembly lines. (S. Edgell 2006) Post-Fordism, also know as after Fordism was a new type of management that did not build on Fordism, but who broke with the main concepts of it, and focused on flexible specialisation instead. (S. Edgell 2006) The perspective of Post-Fordism was to focus on the need of flexibility, with innovation being of importance. John Mathews 1989) In Fordism the focus were on mass production, via special purpose machines and assembly line to get the mass production of standardized products, which also led to the deskilling of workers, Post-Fordism on the other hand is focused on flexibility and the skills of the workers to make high-quality customized products. (S. Edgell 2006) Post-Fordism is different from the competing Neo-Fordism because it is based on the skill inputs of the workers and the workers high level of responsibility, whereas in Neo-Fordism the focus is one improving the recognition and social cohesion of the work while using the ideas of Fordism. John Mathews 1989; RMIT University 2012) Post-Fordism have put the focus on the skilled worker, but the danger that comes with that is the threat of dualization, with a big class different between a skilled worker and the mass of unskilled workers. (John Mathews 1989) In Post-Fordism the focus is on the skilled workers, and skilled workers can use computer technology to adjust production in responds to demand quickly, and will therefore avoid some of the main problems of Fordism. To Be able to succeed in a competitive and ever-changing environment, flexibility is one character of main importance. S Edgell 2006) Conclusion: The history of Fordism shows us a management style that worked on some areas and failed in others. The production became more efficient, which made it more profitable for the owners, which also led to lower priced products and the introduction of the $5 wages. Fordism b rought with it mass production which led to mass consumption, and formed an economic growth in the society. But while people were able to earn more money and consume more, it also had a negative aspect of deskilling the workers, and who also had to work under though working conditions physically and socially.In the 1960s it was productivity slow down, and even though they could still mass-produce, the market didn’t longer have a big demand for it. When the crises of Fordism hit, new styles of management were developed, some just modifying Fordism, as Neo-Fordism and some styles that completely broke of with the ideas of Fordism, as Post-Fordism. In these new forms of management, the workers became a central part. Neo-Fordism kept many of the ideas of Fordism, but changed the ideas around the working environment, so the workers would be physically and socially satisfied.Post-Fordism has showed a complete difference from Fordism, and is more focused on flexibility and the skill s of the workers and customized highly qualified products. Fordism was good in many areas in it prime time, because it led to a economic growth, but as time goes by it brings changes to the economy and the need of society, which means that management styles should changes with it, and adapt to make it work. Reference list: †¢RMIT University (Ed). 2012. ‘Introduction to Management’. Palgrave Macmillan, South Melborune. †¢Grandin, G 2009. Forlandia; The rise and fall of Henry Ford’s forgotten jungle city’, Metropolian Books, New York. †¢Matthews, J 1989, ‘Ages of Democracy; the politics of Post-Fordism’, Oxford University Press, Normanby Rd, SA. †¢Edgell, S 2006, ‘The sociology of work: Continuity and change in paid and upaid work’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, London †¢Goodwin, M, Painter, J 1996, ‘Local governance, the crises of Fordism and the changing geographies of Regulation’, Transaction of the i nstitute of British Geographers, new series, vol 21, No 4, pp 635-648, Wiley Blackwell †¢Boyer, R 2010, ‘Is a financial-led growth regime a viable alternative to Fordism?A Preliminary analysis’ [https://dx. doi. org/10. 1080/030851400360587] †¢Xu, F, Rickards, T 2007, ‘Creative Management: A predicted development from research into creativity and management’, Creativity and innovation Management pp 216-228 †¢Thompson, F 2007, ‘Fordism, Post-Fordism and the flexible system of production’, viewed 29. September 2012. [http://www. willamette. du/~fthompso/MgmtCon/Fordism_%26_Postfordism. html] †¢Batchelor, R 1994, ‘Henry Ford, mass production, modernism and design’, Manchester University Press, Oxford Rd, Manchester †¢Antonio, RJ, Bonanno, A 2000, ‘A new global Capitalism? : â€Å"Americanism and Fordism† to â€Å"Americanization-Globalization†, pp 33. 77 [https://ojsprdap. vm. ku. edu/index . php/amerstud/article/viewFile/3102/3061]

Business Function Integration Paper

BUSINESS FUNCTION INTEGRATION PAPER The Business Function Integration Paper is a 2 page paper where students provided insight as to how functional areas of a business or organization integrate to drive firm performance. Students are required to describe how their functional area of study (1) drives firm performance directly, (2) integrates with another functional area to drive firm performance, and (3) determines the success of the other functional area in the business. Tangible examples from current events are required for each point listed above.This assignment will require an understanding of multiple functional areas and how they integrate to determine firm outcomes. Please format the paper as Times New Roman, 10 point font, double spaced, with one inch margins. TRAIT| Fails to Meet Standards| Meets Standards| Exceeds Standards| Score| Properly Defines Functional Area(10 pts. )| Incorrectly defines functional area. | Provides a proper definition of the subject functional area. | Provides a holistic definition of functional area including relevant examples and their application. | Identifies Functional Area Responsibilities(10 pts. )| Identifies few, if any, responsibilities. | Identifies multiple responsibilities. | Identifies a comprehensive integrated set of responsibilities. | | Properly Identifies Linkages toFirm Performance(15 pts. )| Identifies few, if any, linkages with few, if any examples. | Identifies multiple linkages and provides relevant examples. | Identifies multiple linkages, describes their influence on firm performance, and provides relevant examples and their application. | | Identifies Integration withAnother Functional Area(15 pts. | Identifies a single linkage and example with another functional area. | Identifies multiple linkages and examples with another functional area. | Identifies comprehensive integrated linkages including relevant and insightful examples to another functional area. | | Identifies Linkages to Success of Other Fu nctional Areas(15 pts. )| Provides few, if any, instances of how the focal functional area leads to success of another functional area. | Provides multiple instances of how the focal functional area leads to success of another functional area. | Provides multiple comprehensive examples of how he focal functional area leads to success of another functional area. | | Quality of Written Work(35 pts. )| Paper includes multiple issues with respect to grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Paper is not in assignment context. | Paper includes some issues with respect to grammar, spelling, or punctuation. Paper is written to the standard of KSBI. Paper addresses assignment adequately. | Paper includes few, if any, issues with respect to grammar, spelling, or punctuation. Paper is written to the standard of KSBI. Paper offers novel insight into assignment topic area| | Comments| Total Score|

Free Essays on The Lottery

The Lottery: Foreshadowing Every June twenty-seventh the villagers in the small town gather in the square for the annual â€Å"lottery†. The children usually arrive first. They play and gather stones in preparation for the drawing. The husbands and fathers are the next to gather. They tell jokes, but â€Å"they smiled rather than laughed.† The men do not seem to be as excited as the children are. When finally the women arrive, the families form into their respective groups and they wait for Mr. Summers- the lottery official- to commence the drawings. There are volunteers to hold "box" from which the â€Å"heads of the families† draw the slips. One-by-one the papers are withdrawn from the customary box by chosen heads of the families. As instructed by Mr. Summers, no one is allowed to view the slips until all the paper pieces have been removed. They are called up in alphabetical order until every family is represented by a slip of paper. Once the drawing has finished they are allowed to look at their paper slips to see who receives entrance into the next round of the lottery. On this day in the story, the one who holds the fateful slip of paper is Bill Hutchinson. With the next round, each of his family members is asked to draw their own piece of paper from the black box. The three children are the first to draw. Little Dave chooses a slip, then Nancy and Bill Jr. is the last of the children. Tessie Hutchinson- Bill’s wife- is the fourth to draw, with Bill being last of the family members to receive his fate. One at a time the pieces of paper are opened to reveal each person’s secret. The crowd voices their relief as the children’s papers show them to be out of prize contention. Bill then opens his slip to find that, he too, will not be able to claim the lottery winnings. Tessie’s paper is opened last, to reveal that she is the winner. She has the â€Å"black dot† on her slip, which had been... Free Essays on The Lottery Free Essays on The Lottery Every society has endless sides to it, which some people may consider certain actions morally wrong while others view them simply as a part of every day life. Shirley Jackson uses many successful techniques to bring her story, The Lottery, to a height of excitement and confusion as the names were drawn to a state of silence or anger when the stones are thrown. Shirley Jackson uses symbolism, diction, and characterization and to show the utmost power ritual has on society. Shirley Jackson implants many examples of symbolism throughout her story The Lottery. She chose them for a purpose or reason in order to pick your mind and make you stop and think about what happened and more importantly why it happened. The first thing mentioned is the date and time of year. June 27th which just happens to be a week after the summer solstice (Windows). It is described as a â€Å"clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day† (Jackson). The setting could not have been a better time of the year for a happily town meeting then a bright, cheerful, yet calm summer day. As the town gathers, a three-legged stool is brought up and placed in front of the entire village and an old black wooden box is placed on it (Jackson). The three-legged stool symbolizes instability most likely among the villagers. A stool with two legs will not stand up, and a stool with four legs is going to be the strongest, so a three-legged stool is right in between, not quite sturdy yet not utterly useless. The black box set on this tipsy stool symbolizes death in most ways (Protas). The box is described as â€Å"black but splintered badly along one side to show the original wood color†¦[and] made with some pieces of the box that had preceded it† (Jackson). Death is one of the main things in life that is sure to happen at one time or another and having it placed directly in front of the villagers in a old, black, wooden box symbolizes it is going to happen t... Free Essays on The Lottery The damaging effects of blind adherence and religious hypocrisy are just two of the many reoccurring themes mentioned throughout the following literary pieces: â€Å"The Lottery,† â€Å"On The Road,† â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find,† â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† and â€Å"A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings.† This following paper will support its thesis through the interpretations and perspectives of, â€Å"The Lottery,† by Shirley Jackson, shows the damaging effects of blind adherence. In the infamous short story, an unexamined ritual has been taking place longer than living has been alive. This ritual is the stoning of one randomly selected person from town on the 27th of June. This small town continues to enact this ritual though it is considered barbaric in modern times. To understand the present you must know the past. The original purpose of the lottery was to sacrifice to the god of the harvest. â€Å"Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon,† as Old Man Warner said.(Jackson 852) However, the question at hand is, Is the ritual still necessary? According to the introduction to the story, â€Å"The flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green.†(Jackson 849) Clearly there is no need for a human sacrifice, it seems that Mother Nature is ensuring a good crop for that year. The harverst god need not be appeased.... Free Essays on The Lottery The Lottery: Foreshadowing Every June twenty-seventh the villagers in the small town gather in the square for the annual â€Å"lottery†. The children usually arrive first. They play and gather stones in preparation for the drawing. The husbands and fathers are the next to gather. They tell jokes, but â€Å"they smiled rather than laughed.† The men do not seem to be as excited as the children are. When finally the women arrive, the families form into their respective groups and they wait for Mr. Summers- the lottery official- to commence the drawings. There are volunteers to hold "box" from which the â€Å"heads of the families† draw the slips. One-by-one the papers are withdrawn from the customary box by chosen heads of the families. As instructed by Mr. Summers, no one is allowed to view the slips until all the paper pieces have been removed. They are called up in alphabetical order until every family is represented by a slip of paper. Once the drawing has finished they are allowed to look at their paper slips to see who receives entrance into the next round of the lottery. On this day in the story, the one who holds the fateful slip of paper is Bill Hutchinson. With the next round, each of his family members is asked to draw their own piece of paper from the black box. The three children are the first to draw. Little Dave chooses a slip, then Nancy and Bill Jr. is the last of the children. Tessie Hutchinson- Bill’s wife- is the fourth to draw, with Bill being last of the family members to receive his fate. One at a time the pieces of paper are opened to reveal each person’s secret. The crowd voices their relief as the children’s papers show them to be out of prize contention. Bill then opens his slip to find that, he too, will not be able to claim the lottery winnings. Tessie’s paper is opened last, to reveal that she is the winner. She has the â€Å"black dot† on her slip, which had been... Free Essays on The Lottery â€Å"The Lottery† For my analysis essay I have chosen to write about on of the characters in the short story â€Å"The Lottery†. â€Å"The Lottery† is a short fictional story by Shirley Jackson. The character I have chosen to write about is Mrs. Tessie Hutchinson. Mrs. Hutchinson stood out for me in this particular story, and I chose to write about her because from the moment she was intro to the story I knew she was going to die. I guess from reading the statement â€Å"I knew she was going to die† you would be thinking that she is a victim in this story. I thought the same thing at first but the more into the story I got the more it became apparent that it was completely the opposite. The more I read the more I tried to understand this small village and all of its traditions. It seems as thought the whole village is a victim to me though, because they loose valuable members of the community each year and they don’t think this is a problem. The character Mrs. Hutchinson sounds like a flat stereotypical female small town villager. The kind you picture in your head when you think about small villages wearing flower dresses and baking apple pies. As the women of the village are being described to the reader, the image of several women standing around wearing the same long flowered dresses with knitted sweaters with different color combinations comes to mind. â€Å"The women, wearing faded house dresses and sweaters, came after their men folk†. The character is reveled in untimely fashion and by this I do not mean into the story, but she is the only person to arrive late to the village square. When I read that Mrs. Hutchinson was late it reminded me of an old saying that my mother would say to me when I would show up late. â€Å"You are going to be late for you own funeral†. I find this quite ironic for Mrs. Hutchinson for although she doesn’t yet know it she is late for her own funeral. I also find it interesti... Free Essays on The Lottery A Close Encounter with Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. This description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. From the beggining Jackson takes great pains to present her short story as a folk story. Slowly, it dawns on us, the terrible outcome of what she describes. The theme learned at the end of the story leads us to think of where the sanity of human beings lies. In addition, the most important conflict is betweeen subject matter and the way the story is told. From the very first sentence of the story, â€Å"The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth......† We are given the feeling of a rural world. Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day (10:00) and what time of year (â€Å"summer†) the story takes place. This is important to get the reader to focus on what a typical day it is in a small town. She also describes that â€Å"School was recently over for the summer†, letting the reader infer that the time of year is early summer. The beauty of the day and the brilliance of nature is stressed by â€Å"clear and sunny,with fresh warmth....flowers were blooming profusely and the grass was richly green.† This provides the positive outlook and lets the reader relax into what seems a comfortable setting for the story. The description of the people and their actions is very typical. Children play happily, women gossip, and men casually talk about farming. Everyone is coming together for what looks enjoyable, festive, even a celebratory occasion. However, the pleasant description of the setting creates a facade within the story. The setting covers the ritualistic and brutally, violent traditions such as the later stoning of Ms. Hutchinson, who dared to defy tradition. The immediate conflict is the passions of the townspeople who gath... Free Essays on The Lottery â€Å"The Lottery† The story of â€Å"The Lottery† is a story that is filled with a lot of misconceptions and a misunderstood tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is a story that takes place in a small foreign town on a warm and sunny day, you will see further down in the paper the significance of the weather. This story expresses a lot of controversial ideas and conflicts that make many people think and reevaluate their culture. It also brings us to realize that there are still many cultures that still use barbarous, ignorant, outdated traditions that have no significant meaning. The theme of â€Å"The Lottery† is focused around the relevance of some cultures and their traditions. In this story there are three main focuses that the author focuses on, they were ignorance, symbolism, and irony. One of the most distinct characteristics of this story is the ignorance; it is based around a very ignorant and outdated tradition. One of the more ignorant things that take place in this story is the stoning of a human for a sacrifice. The most ignorant thing in the story of â€Å"The Lottery† is the fact that they want to stop it, but they continue on to do it because of tradition. In some cases like this one tradition is not important enough to sacrifice a human life for something that has nothing to do with what it is being done for. The story of the â€Å"The Lottery† contains a great deal of symbolism there are a lot of simple things in the story that mean more than they appear to. One of the most important things in the story of â€Å"The Lottery† is the box that contains all of the slips of paper for the lottery. This box represents the tradition of the lottery; there is no significant reason for using the box besides tradition. Another example of symbolism in the story of â€Å"The Lottery† is the significance of Old Man Warner. Old Man Warner represents wisdom and the tradition of the lottery. He is the only one in the town who real... Free Essays on The Lottery The story of â€Å"The Lottery† is a story that is filled with Shirley Jackson’s view of her society. â€Å"The Lottery† is a story that takes place in a small foreign town on a warm and sunny day; you will see further down in the paper the significance of the weather. The story was used to express many controversial ideas and conflicts that can make people think about the culture that they are currently living in. Freidman notes that one of the most interesting points of this story is that the village is a typical society that any modern person could live in, â€Å"Jackson’s story portrays an â€Å"average† New England village with â€Å"average† citizens.† This points out that there could be things like this going on around us with out people even thinking that there is something wrong with it. It also brings us to realize that there are still many cultures around us that are barbaric and use outdated traditions. The theme of â€Å"The Lottery† is focused around the traditions that all people have and re-examining where those traditions come from. In this story there are three main focuses that Jackson has, they are ignorance, symbolism, and irony. One of the largest tools that Jackson uses in this story is ignorance; it is based around a very ignorant and outdated tradition. In one of Raglands critiques she states, â€Å"The Lottery is a story of mediaeval customs and how misplaced they are with in modern society.† One of the most rediculous points in the story is when you realize that they are stoning a human for a sacrifice. The most ignorant thing in the story of â€Å"The Lottery† is the fact that everyone in the town wants to stop the stoning, but nobody will do it because it is a tradition. In some cases, especially like this one, tradition is not important enough to sacrifice a human life. â€Å"The underlying current of evil would have to be the actual barbarism inherent of the lottery itself,† Ragland states. Ragla... Free Essays on The Lottery â€Å"The Lottery† Shirley Jackson wrote â€Å"The Lottery† in 1948, not long after the Second World War. The horror of the Holocaust was still fresh in everyone’s minds. Jackson wrote this story to remind everyone that we are not so far from this world of sadistic human sacrifice. She created a town, very much like any American town, with the gathering of the towns people to celebrate some annual event. She wanted to shine a mirror on contemporary society, a reflection of humanity, or rather, inhumanity. One would think that she was protesting against the shallow hypocrites that rule the world. The town sets up this lottery in a very practical way; there were several things that were a part of the ritual that the town allowed to fade from practice. But the town still saw it necessary to stone a citizen to death once a year just because that was the way it was always done. Shirley Jackson wanted the world to try and find another way, to break away from traditions and be more humane human beings. Once the heads of household have drawn, everyone looks at the slip of paper in their hands and at the same time everyone is praying that it is not their family. Once again the family members draw and each one is praying it is not they, at the same time they know that they are about to lose a loved one. Everyone has felt these same feelings. A friend loses her husband or child and we say a little prayer of thanks to what ever power each of us believes in , thank goodness it was not me. When Tessie Hutchinson realizes that her family has been chosen she says, ‘ I tell you it was n’t fair. You didn’t give him time enough to choose. Everybody saw that.†(233) â€Å"The Lottery† makes one feel guilty for desiring one’s own survival. It reminds us to listen to new ideas, especially ideas that break unnecessary traditions. The world should embrace those that live their lives in a fashion that does not reflect society’s idea take les... Free Essays on The Lottery Symbolism The Lottery In Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† set in a small fictional town on June 27, the townspeople gather to conduct a lottery. At the end of the drawing, one of the townspeople will be dead. The symbols chosen to use are Old Man Warner, the black box, and the stones. Old Man Warner is the oldest man in the town and he states in the story, â€Å"seventy-seventh year I been in the lottery†; he is the only person to survive the lottery for seventy-seven years. We can look at Old Man Warner as a legend in that town for surviving so many lotteries. He has been in the lottery so long that he can tell how the lottery and the townspeople have changed, from the first time he was in it; he says â€Å"It’s not the way it used to be† and â€Å"People ain’t the way they used to be†. The black box symbolizes ritual and tradition. The ritual is the sacrifice for the crops each year; the townspeople believe that if they do not make this sacrifice there will not be any crops to harvest for this season. The tradition is that this is an ongoing event, which takes place every year in this small town. The townspeople are accustomed to the tradition that has taken place for as long as they have lived there. Also, I think that the tradition may be getting old and worn out because of the condition that the black box is in, and how it travels from house to house each year. The stones symbolize man’s inhumanity to man because this shows how man can take it upon himself to portray God for as simple as belief that is pointless and is only in the mind. The children set the stones aside to be thrown at the one person that wins the dreaded lottery that every one is so anxious to play. The stones also symbolize death because the townspeople would hurdle stones at the lotto’s winner. Further more, in Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† there are many symbols in the story.... Free Essays on The Lottery Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery†, raises many questions in the back of a reader’s mind towards the destructive yet blind rituals of mankind. â€Å"The Lottery† clearly expresses Jackson’s feelings concerning mankind’s evil nature hiding behind traditions and rituals. She shows how coldness and lack of compassion in people can exhibit in situations regarding tradition and values. Jackson presents the theme of the short story with the use of symbols and setting. The setting of â€Å"The Lottery† supports the theme. Settings are constructed to help build the mood and foreshadow things to come. In the lottery though, the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. The story begins with a description of a seemingly cheerful environment. Jackson creates a comfortable atmosphere by describing the activities of the residents of the town. She describes children breaking into â€Å"boisterous play and their talk still of th e classroom† (310). Men and women are gathered in the center of the town talking about farming and taxes or into gossip. The date of the story is June twenty-seventh which Helen E. Nebeker states in American Literature, has â€Å"symbolic overtones which alerts us to the season of the summer solstice with all its overtones of ancient ritual† (102). Jackson’s description of the setting supports the theme of the story by showing how mankind is capable of cruel acts regardless of their environment. Symbolism in the story also supports the theme of â€Å"The Lottery†. The very names of the characters in the story are laden with meaning. The names of Summers, Graves, Warner, Delacroix and Hutchinson hint at the true nature of the characters. Mrs. Delacroix’s name means of the cross in Latin; therefore hinting at Tessie’s sacrificial killing. Even tough Mrs. Delacroix seems to be a friend to Mrs. Hutchinson it is she who is shown to pick up the lar gest rock and promotes other people to stone Tessie. Mr. S... Free Essays on The Lottery When I think of a lottery, I picture someone swimming in a pool of money, throwing the bills into the air, just to have the joy of watching them float back down to their side. I thought that’s where this story was going, because that's how the author sets it up. But even before the tragic end to this story, I started to pick up on some unusual things. First of all, I found the town way too skittish and rather uneasy. I know that I would be nervous for a lottery too, but not to the extent where I feel sick over it. That’s the kind of feeling that I got for the town. â€Å"...most of them were quiet, wetting their lips, not looking around.† This quote makes me pictures a mob of people standing around the black box and Mr. Summers. All of them trying not to make eye contact, staring at their shoes, praying they get to live another year. I went back over this story and read it twice, the second time I highlighted all of the things that I found unusual or interesting. If you look at my paper, almost half of every page is highlighted. Something I noticed was that the women would refer to their husbands as their ‘old man’. I wasn’t quite sure why they did that, but then I thought about the entire story. These people have been growing up in this village for probably their whole lives and each year they take the chance, live or die. If these are grown men in their thirties, forties and fifties, that's quite a long time if there’s a chance that you maybe picked to die in the next year. Old Man Warner was only 77 years old and he was the oldest man in the village. That isn’t even close to what people normally live too. When you’ve got this lottery going on, of course it’s amazing for someone to live 77 years and never get picked especially if there are only 300 people in the town. At first I thought that this town and all of the other towns that participate in the lottery had no real value for life. But ... Free Essays on The Lottery The Lottery In "The Lottery," Shirley Jackson uses symbolism to make us aware of the pointless nature of humanity regarding tradition and violence. The story starts off on a beautiful summer day in a small town. The author describes the day as very excited but strikes a contrast between the atmosphere of the town and the atmosphere of the people gathered in the square. The atmosphere is serious, where the children are "gathered around quietly." (335) The black box is the central theme or idea in the story. It symbolizes at first some type of mystery, but as we read the ending we realize that it is synonymous with death. Someone's fate lies in an dull object, the black box. We do not always enjoy change, even if it might prove beneficial to us. The box is symbolic of our dislike of change; it is old and splintered (337) showing that we cling to what is familiar rather than change and it also symbolizes the traditions of the community. No one in the little town questions the origin of the black bo x, but accepts it as part of their lives. The lottery itself is symbolic of the absurdity of the human consciousness between compassion on one hand and the thirst for violence and cruelty on the other. An example of this is when the children are enjoying a break from school, (335) playing and being children, and suddenly they are being joined by rational adults in stoning a mother to death. It appears that tradition has blinded these people in an irrational way, making them unable to think of a reason why this possibly should not be happening. When forced with the possibility of death, human nature in all its complexity, comes down to one instinctive urge, that of survival. When Tessie was in no danger she was gossiping with the other ladies and even encouraged her husband to go and pick a piece of paper. (338) When Tessie wins the lottery; she pleads for another chance and screams for mercy. She demands that her daughters take their chances a... Free Essays on The Lottery The most common problem with adaptation between literature and film versions is that many of the books many significant assets are lost within the story as a mundane detail. Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery written in 1948 was a very well written piece of work that was very dependent on its characters to set the tone of the story. The director of the film version of The Lottery, filmed in the nineteen sixties, also used the characters to place the overall tone of the film. The director of the film, however, accomplished an astounding feat of keeping the integrity of the literature intact, and furthermore, adding additional life to the characters. The use of facial gestures, body movements, and voices added a life to Shirley Jackson’s story that did not speak falsely of the work, but made the overall situation more true to life. For example, in Jackson’s version of the story she presents Tessie, a wife and seemingly very pleasant woman. â€Å"I almost forgot what day it was† (Jackson 461). As the reader it is unclear as to Tessie’s indications of her comment. One could assume that the character is being sincere in her speaking, but just the same the reader can be lead to assume that Tessie was merely joking around and is very eager about the events that are about to take place. The director of the movie, however, took this scene from the short story and visualized and vocalized the importance of this characters moment with speech and facial gestures. Tessie enters the scene and says, â€Å"I almost forgot what day it was† (Movie). The visualization of Tessie speaking shows that she is vibrantly smiling and looking forward to playing the lottery. The visual interpretation is more efficient because this scene is critical to show an important development in Tessie’s character portrayed later in the story. Tessie’s character change is very important to the story because it shows her true feeling towards the lottery, and ... Free Essays on The Lottery Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† is a rebellious attempt to persuade America that our traditions are being carried on by thoughtless, ignorant men. Jackson tried to symbolize men as being the carriers of death and the women as the martyrs. Jackson places the setting of the story in a very peaceful, small town. She described the day as, â€Å"...clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green (Pg. 83-84).† This gives the reader a sense that everything is perfect in the â€Å"everybody knows everybody† type of town. It’s the typical American town. It’s essentially ideal. The man that she tries to portray as the ignorant man the most is Old Man Warner. Warner has been around the small town for quite some time. He holds firm in his idea that tradition should be strictly followed and never forgotten. Jackson forces the reader to only look at the fact that Warner is just a stubborn, narrowminded man. He criticizes other towns for dropping the lottery, saying that the citizens are â€Å"....a pack of crazy fools (Pg. 87).† Old Man Warner isn’t even happy with the way that the lottery is being run at the present time. He says, â€Å"It’s not the way it used to be, people aren’t the way they used to be (Pg. 87).† Even though the town is carrying on with the brutal tradition in a more modern approach, he still isn’t satisfied. This still doesn’t stop him from proceeding with the stoning. To the reader, he is nothing more than a stubborn man.Jackson doesn’t stop at Warner. There are many other men in th e story with names that have symbolic meaning towards death and doom. Mr. Graves is a prime example of a male citizen in the town with a bit of authority. He is one of the two men that arrange and proceed with the ceremony. His name, Graves, screams death and darkness. The name itself gives the reader a bit of an unconscious thought that Graves... Free Essays on The Lottery â€Å"The Lottery† begins happily â€Å"clear and sunny, with (the) fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green† (255). The grass is describe as â€Å"richly green† and that â€Å"the flowers were blooming profusely† (255). These descriptions of the surroundings give the reader a nice feeling and nothing wrong with this unique town. It also pulls the unwary reader into a comfortable position by making the reader feel as if its going to be a story with a pleasant plot and happy ending. Since when one thinks ‘Lottery’ one thinks ‘lots of money’, but the reader is in store for an unexpected surprise full of changing setting, symbolism, tradition, and terrible acts. The setting in the beginning of â€Å"The Lottery† creates peacefulness and tranquility; it creates an image in the mind of a typical town on a normal summer day and what time of the year the story takes place. The villagers are a seemingly ordinary people in an ordinary American town. Pleasant, friendly, and simple, the men talk about â€Å"tractors and taxes† (255) while the boys run around piling up stones. The time of day is obviously set in the morning and the time of year is early summer. There is also mention that school has just recently let out for summer break, which of course allows the children to run around at that time of day. The location of the town square is put into perspective, â€Å"between the post office and the bank† (255). This picture for the reader shows what a small town this is, since everything is in the center or near the center of the town square. This is a key point because the town square is the location for the remaining part of the story. The town square is an important location for the setting since the ending of the story takes place here. The comfortable atmosphere remains while the residents of the town are introduced. First the children are described as assembling an... Free Essays on The Lottery The lottery begins happily: clear and sunny, with [the] fresh warmth of a full- summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green" (Jackson 1948: 674). Such a beginning lures the unwary reader into a comfortable lull. The villagers are ordinary people in an ordinary town. Pleasant, friendly and simple, the men talk about ,,tractors and taxes"(ebd.) while the boys run around piling up stones. It begins as the perfect day to be alive. The setting set forth by Shirley Jackson in the beginning of ,,The Lottery" creates a mood of peacefulness and tranquillity. This setting creates an image in the mind of the reader of a typical town on a normal summer day. With the very first words Jackson begins to establish her plot`s environment. To begin, she tells the reader what time of day and what time of year the story takes place. This is important to get the reader to focus on what a typical day it is in this small town. The time of day is set in the morning and the time of year is early summer. She also mentions that school has just recently let out for summer break, which of course allows the children to run around at that time of day. The town is one of any normal rural community. Furthermore, she describes the grass as ,,richly green" and that ,,the flowers were blooming profusely"(ebd.). These descriptions of the surroundings give the reader a serene felling about the town. Also, this makes the reader feel comfortable about it as if there was nothing wrong in this quaint town. Jackson puts in perspective the location of the square ,,between the post office and the bank" (ebd.). This visualizes for the reader what a small town this is, since everything seems to be centralized at or near the town square. This is also key in that the town square is the location for the remaining part of the story. The town square is an important location for the setting since the ending of the story will take place there. ...

Computer Memory - History, Timeline and More

Computer Memory - History, Timeline and More Drum memory, an early form of computer memory, used the drum as a working part,  with data loaded to the drum. The drum was a metal cylinder coated with a recordable ferromagnetic material. The drum also had a row of read-write heads that wrote and then read the recorded data. Magnetic core memory (ferrite-core memory) is another early form of computer memory. Magnetic ceramic rings called cores, stored information using the polarity of a magnetic field. Semiconductor memory is computer memory we are all familiar with, computer memory on an integrated circuit or chip. Referred to as random-access memory or RAM, it allowed data to be accessed randomly, not just in the sequence it was recorded. Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is the most common kind of random access memory (RAM) for personal computers. The data the DRAM chip holds have to be periodically refreshed. Static random access memory or SRAM doesnt need to be refreshed. Timeline of Computer Memory 1834 - Charles Babbage begins to build his Analytical Engine, a precursor to the computer. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards. 1932 - Gustav Tauschek invents drum memory in Austria. 1936 - Konrad Zuse applies for a patent for his mechanical memory to be used on his computer. This computer memory is based on sliding metal parts. 1939 - Helmut Schreyer invents a prototype memory using neon lamps. 1942 - The Atanasoff-Berry Computer has 60 50-bit words of memory in the form of capacitors mounted on two revolving drums. For secondary memory, it uses punch cards. 1947 - Frederick Viehe of Los Angeles applies for a patent for an invention that uses magnetic core memory. Magnetic drum memory is independently invented by several people: An Wang invented the magnetic pulse controlling device, the principle upon which magnetic core memory is based.Kenneth Olsen invented vital computer components, best known for Magnetic Core Memory Patent No. 3,161,861 and as being the co-founder of Digital Equipment Corporation.Jay Forrester was a pioneer in early digital computer development and invented random-access, coincident-current magnetic storage. 1949 - Jay Forrester conceives the idea of magnetic core memory as it is to become commonly used, with a grid of wires used to address the cores. The first practical form manifests in 1952-53 and renders obsolete previous types of computer memory. 1950 - Ferranti Ltd. completes the first commercial computer with 256 40-bit words of main memory and 16K words of drum memory. Only eight were sold. 1951 - Jay Forrester files a patent for matrix core memory. 1952 - The EDVAC computer is completed with 1024 44-bit words of ultrasonic memory. A core memory module is added to the ENIAC computer. 1955 - An Wang was issued U.S. patent #2,708,722 with 34 claims for magnetic memory core. 1966 - Hewlett-Packard releases their HP2116A real-time computer with 8K of memory. The newly formed Intel starts to sell a semiconductor chip with 2,000 bits of memory. 1968 - USPTO grants patent 3,387,286 to IBMs Robert Dennard for a one-transistor DRAM cell. DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM (Random Access Memory) or Dynamic Random Access Memory. DRAM will become the standard memory chip for personal computers replacing magnetic core memory. 1969 - Intel begins as chip designers and produces a 1 KB RAM chip, the largest memory chip to date. Intel soon switches to being notable designers of computer microprocessors. 1970 - Intel releases the 1103 chip, the first generally available DRAM memory chip. 1971 - Intel releases the 1101 chip, a 256-bit programmable memory, and the 1701 chip, a 256-byte erasable read-only memory (EROM). 1974 - Intel receives a U.S. patent for a memory system for a multichip digital computer. 1975 - Personal consumer computer Altair released, it uses Intels 8-bit 8080 processor and includes 1 KB of memory. Later in the same year, Bob Marsh manufacturers the first Processor Technologys 4 kB memory boards for the Altair. 1984 - Apple Computers releases the Macintosh personal computer. It is the first computer that came with 128KB of memory. The 1 MB memory chip is developed.

Recognize the elements of a negotiable instrument, as well as the Essay

Recognize the elements of a negotiable instrument, as well as the elements of rules affecting transferability and liability - Essay Example The other types of instruments are constructed in form of an order. Does the instrument in question meet the requirements of negotiability under the Uniform Commercial Code? This question can best be dealt with by comparing the elements of a negotiable instrument under the Uniform Commercial Code with the instrument in question. These elements are: Writing can be on anything that is permanent and has portability (3-103 UCC). Since the above instrument is written, there appears to be no contention that the instrument in question meets the first requirement. This is intended to authenticate it (3-401 UCC). Bob by handing over a pen to the maker in this question implicates that he wants the maker to put his signature and make him be bound by the document. The maker here will be bound by making any mark on the instrument which purports to be a signature. â€Å"The promise must be an affirmatively written undertaking more than a mere acknowledgement of a debt† (Howard 1964). Apart from acknowledging that he has a debt amounting to $20 000 plus interests the maker further makes an affirmative undertaking to discharge the debt. This can be ascertained by the use of the phrase ‘I promise to pay’. Payment cannot be conditional and the promise or order cannot be subject to rights or obligations stated in another source save for any exception provided by the Uniform Commercial Code. The document in question does not imply any condition. Take for instance if the document was worded in the following manner; â€Å"I promise to pay to the order of Bobs Auto Emporium $20 000 with interest...defaulting by which I shall be liable to pay double the value of interest†, this is a prima facie case of a condition and such an instrument shall be void (Martindale 2011). Any instrument payable in money are negotiable (3-304 UCC).The above instrument is payable at a fixed amount of $20 000 and hence satisfies this test of negotiability. The Uniform

DQ 7 m 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

DQ 7 m 5 - Essay Example Whereas it is believed that all traits of leadership cannot be taken as a concrete path but can be observed as per situation and according to the system of an organization. In the article, â€Å"What a Racquet?† it is briefed that the success of Wilson’s Company is based on the approach towards observing leadership style in his organization. The main reason of its successful journey is the charismatic approach. Charismatic Leadership is based on the leader’s exceptional insights and foresightedness to understand and predict all the consequences if certain things lack, therefore immediate measures are taken to avoid loss before hand (Raelin, J. A. (2003). Weber refers Charismatic Leadership as a more spiritual belief or connection between a leader and his followers. Author refers Jim Baugh as a charismatic leader because he possibly worked for the reasons of failures and he worked his best to come up with a product which fulfills the customers’ demands with perfection. In my opinion, he firstly worked on the issues which can cause major loss if not addressed initially and immediately, like knowing the customer’s demand before designing a product can assure sales or concentrating on the key point of marketing a product can publicize to acknowledge mass majorities (John Bell, 1997) Charismatic Leadership is something which is not produced artificially after training, but it’s a niche of a person which can be groomed but cannot be infused. Meindl says that it is a social contagion, which is slightly arguable because there are many options or business tactics which are common and can be observed easily like Jim Baugh did but Leaders sometimes skip them though they are proved to be good leaders with appropriate sense of leadership. It is because they lack foresightedness or their instincts are not approaching for the things that should be done before to avoid negative repercussions. (David Obstfeld, 2005) Sensemaking is